Introduction: What is Russian English and why is it important to learn?
Russian English is a term that refers to the variety of English spoken by native or fluent speakers of Russian, either in Russia or in other countries where they reside. Russian English is not a uniform or standardized variety, but rather a dynamic and diverse phenomenon that reflects the social, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds of its speakers.
Learning about Russian English is important for several reasons. First, it can help you understand the history and culture of Russia and its people, as well as their relations with other countries, especially those that use English as a lingua franca. Second, it can help you communicate more effectively and respectfully with Russian speakers, whether they are your friends, colleagues, clients, or teachers. Third, it can help you appreciate the richness and diversity of the English language, as well as its adaptability and creativity.
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History of Language Contact: How did Russian and English influence each other over time?
The history of language contact between Russian and English dates back to the Middle Ages, when traders, travelers, missionaries, and diplomats from both countries established contacts and exchanges. However, the most significant period of language influence was during the 18th and 19th centuries, when Russia underwent a process of Westernization and modernization under the rule of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. During this time, many words from French, German, Italian, and English entered the Russian vocabulary, especially in the fields of science, technology, art, literature, and politics.
In the 20th century, the political and ideological conflicts between Russia (or the Soviet Union) and the Western countries (especially the United States and Britain) led to a decrease in linguistic influence and communication. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia opened up to the world again and experienced a surge in exposure to English through mass media, education, tourism, business, and pop culture. As a result, many new words from English entered the Russian language, especially in the domains of information technology, entertainment, sports, fashion, and youth culture.
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Functions and Features of Russian English: What are the main domains and purposes of using English in Russia and by Russians abroad?
English has various functions and features in Russia and among Russians abroad. Depending on the context and purpose of communication, different levels of proficiency, accuracy, fluency, and style may be required or expected. Here are some of the main domains where English is used:
Politics: English is used as a diplomatic language between Russia and other countries or international organizations. It is also used by politicians to address foreign audiences or media outlets.
Business: English is used as a commercial language between Russian companies and their foreign partners or clients. It is also used by businesspeople to access global markets or opportunities.
Education: English is used as a medium of instruction in some universities or schools in Russia that offer international programs or degrees. It is also used by students to study abroad or access online courses or resources.
Scholarship: English is used as a scientific language by researchers or academics who publish their work in international journals or conferences. It is also used by scholars to collaborate with their peers or access information from other sources.
Mass Media: English is used as a source of information or entertainment by journalists or audiences who consume foreign news or shows. It is also used by media professionals to produce content for international markets or platforms.
Tourism: English is used as a travel language by tourists or travelers who visit foreign destinations or attractions . It is also used by tour operators or guides to provide services or information to foreign visitors.
Culture: English is used as a creative language by artists or performers who produce or consume foreign music, movies, books, or games. It is also used by cultural enthusiasts or activists to express their identity or values.
Some of the features of Russian English include:
Code-switching: This is the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties within a single conversation or utterance. For example, a Russian speaker may use English words or phrases to emphasize a point, add humor, show off, or appeal to a specific audience.
Loanwords: These are words that are borrowed from one language and incorporated into another, usually with some adaptation in pronunciation, spelling, or meaning. For example, some common loanwords from English to Russian are internet, burger, hobby, cool, and like.
Calques: These are words or expressions that are translated literally from one language to another, usually preserving the structure but not the meaning of the original. For example, some common calques from Russian to English are to drink tea (meaning to chat), to make a face (meaning to grimace), to hang noodles on the ears (meaning to lie), and to have a roof go (meaning to go crazy).
False friends: These are words that look or sound similar in two languages but have different meanings, often leading to confusion or misunderstanding. For example, some common false friends between Russian and English are magazin (meaning store, not magazine), sportivny (meaning athletic, not sporty), fartuk (meaning apron, not fart), and perevodchik (meaning translator, not pervert).
Accents: These are the distinctive ways of pronouncing words in a language, influenced by factors such as region, education, age, and social class. For example, some common features of the Russian accent in English are the omission of articles (a, an, the), the confusion of voiced and voiceless consonants (such as v and f), the reduction of unstressed vowels (such as in about and banana), and the insertion of extra sounds (such as in film and world).
Linguistic Differences and Similarities: What are the main challenges and advantages of learning Russian or English as a second language?
Russian and English belong to different language families: Russian is an Indo-European language that belongs to the Slavic branch, while English is an Indo-European language that belongs to the Germanic branch. This means that they have different origins, structures, vocabularies, and grammars. However, they also share some common elements, such as the use of the Latin alphabet (with some modifications in Russian), the existence of cognates (words that have a common origin or meaning), and the influence of other languages (such as French, German, Greek, and Latin).
The main challenges of learning Russian or English as a second language include:
The alphabet: Although both languages use the Latin alphabet, Russian has 33 letters while English has 26. Moreover, some letters look similar but have different sounds (such as P and R) or have different names (such as B and V). Learning the alphabet is essential for reading and writing in both languages.
The pronunciation: Both languages have complex and irregular systems of pronunciation that often do not match the spelling. For example, Russian has hard and soft consonants that affect the sound of vowels (such as in sam, meaning self, and samyy, meaning most), while English has many silent letters (such as in knight, walk, and pneumonia). Learning the pronunciation is crucial for listening and speaking in both languages.
The grammar: Both languages have intricate and nuanced rules of grammar that govern the structure and meaning of sentences. For example, Russian has six cases that indicate the function and relation of nouns in a sentence (such as nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and prepositional), while English has three tenses that indicate the time and aspect of verbs in a sentence (such as simple, continuous, and perfect). Learning the grammar is essential for writing and reading in both languages.
The vocabulary: Both languages have large and diverse vocabularies that include many synonyms, antonyms, idioms, and slang. For example, Russian has many words that express different shades of meaning or emotion (such as krasivyy, prekrasnyy, and velikolepnyy, all meaning beautiful), while English has many words that have multiple meanings or functions (such as bank, which can mean a financial institution, a river shore, or a verb meaning to rely on). Learning the vocabulary is vital for understanding and expressing oneself in both languages.
The main advantages of learning Russian or English as a second language include:
The culture: Both languages are rich in cultural and historical references that can enhance one's knowledge and appreciation of the world. For example, Russian literature is renowned for its depth and diversity, featuring works by authors such as Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Chekhov, and Nabokov, while English literature is celebrated for its creativity and variety, featuring works by authors such as Shakespeare, Dickens, Austen, and Rowling. Learning the culture can enrich one's experience and enjoyment of both languages.
The communication: Both languages are widely used and spoken by millions of people around the globe, making them useful and valuable for personal and professional purposes. For example, Russian is the official language of Russia and several other countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, as well as a common language of communication among many immigrants and communities in other regions, while English is the official language of many countries in North America, Europe, Oceania, and Africa, as well as a common language of communication in business, science, technology, and entertainment. Learning the communication can expand one's opportunities and networks in both languages.
The cognition: Both languages are challenging and stimulating for the brain, requiring mental effort and flexibility to master their complexities and subtleties. For example, learning Russian can improve one's memory, attention, logic, and problem-solving skills, as it involves memorizing many rules, exceptions, endings, and cases, while learning English can improve one's creativity, imagination, intuition, and critical thinking skills, as it involves dealing with many ambiguities, variations, meanings, and contexts. Learning the cognition can enhance one's mental abilities and performance in both languages.
Learning Tips and Resources: How can you improve your skills and knowledge of Russian English using online tools and authentic materials?
There are many ways to improve your skills and knowledge of Russian English using online tools and authentic materials. Here are some tips and resources that you can use:
Online tools: There are many online tools that can help you learn or practice Russian or English in an interactive and engaging way. For example, you can use apps such as Duolingo or Babbel to learn vocabulary and grammar through games and exercises; you can use websites such as BBC Learning English or RT Learn Russian to access lessons and activities on various topics and levels; you can use platforms such as Italki or Preply to find tutors or language partners who can help you with speaking or writing; you can use dictionaries such as Cambridge or Multitran to look up words or phrases; you can use translators such as Google Translate or Yandex Translate to check or generate translations.
Authentic materials: There are many authentic materials that can help you learn or practice Russian or English in a realistic and meaningful way. For example, you can read books or articles on topics that interest you; you can watch movies or shows with subtitles or dubbing; you can listen to podcasts or songs with lyrics; you can follow blogs or social media accounts of people or organizations that inspire you; you can join online forums or groups where you can discuss or share your opinions or experiences.
Conclusion: What are the main takeaways and benefits of learning about Russian English?
In conclusion, learning about Russian English is a rewarding and beneficial endeavor that can help you achieve various goals and outcomes. By learning about Russian English, you can:
Understand the history and culture of Russia and its people;
Communicate more effectively and respectfully with Russian speakers;
Appreciate the richness and diversity of the English language;
Overcome the challenges and leverage the advantages of learning Russian or English as a second language;
Improve your skills and knowledge of Russian English using online tools and authentic materials;
By doing so, you can enrich your personal and professional life, as well as contribute to the global community of English speakers and learners. Russian English is a fascinating and valuable topic that deserves your attention and curiosity.
FAQs: Some common questions and answers about Russian English
Here are some common questions and answers about Russian English that you may find useful or interesting:
Question
Answer
How many people speak Russian English?
It is hard to estimate the exact number of people who speak Russian English, as it depends on how one defines and measures the concept. However, according to some sources, there are about 260 million native speakers of Russian in the world, and about 100 million people who speak English as a second or foreign language in Russia. Therefore, one can assume that there are at least tens of millions of people who speak Russian English to some extent.
Is Russian English a dialect or an accent of English?
Russian English is neither a dialect nor an accent of English, but rather a variety or a style of English that is influenced by the Russian language and culture. A dialect is a form of a language that differs from the standard or dominant form in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, and is usually associated with a specific region or social group. An accent is a way of pronouncing a language that is influenced by the speaker's native language or region. A variety or a style is a form of a language that is influenced by the context or purpose of communication, and is usually associated with a specific domain or function.
What are some examples of famous Russian English speakers?
There are many famous Russian English speakers who have achieved success and recognition in various fields and domains. Some examples are: Mikhail Gorbachev, the former president of the Soviet Union and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate; Maria Sharapova, a professional tennis player and a five-time Grand Slam champion; Sergey Brin, the co-founder of Google and one of the richest people in the world; Vladimir Nabokov, a writer and a literary critic who wrote the novel Lolita; Mila Kunis, an actress and a voice artist who starred in movies such as Black Swan and Ted.
What are some common mistakes or difficulties that Russian speakers make or face when learning or speaking English?
Some common mistakes or difficulties that Russian speakers make or face when learning or speaking English are: confusing similar-sounding words (such as ship and sheep); using incorrect word order (such as I very like this movie); omitting articles (such as I have dog); using wrong prepositions (such as I am married with him); using wrong verb forms (such as I am study English); using literal translations (such as I am cold means I have a cold); using false friends (such as actual means current); using inappropriate register or tone (such as using too formal or too informal language).
What are some common mistakes or difficulties that English speakers make or face when learning or speaking Russian?
Some common mistakes or difficulties that English speakers make or face when learning or speaking Russian are: pronouncing hard and soft consonants (such as s and s'); using the Cyrillic alphabet (such as a and а); declining nouns according to cases (such as kot, kota, kotu, etc.); conjugating verbs according to aspects (such as pisat' and napisat'); using gender agreement (such as khoroshiy and khoroshaya); using word stress (such as pismo and pismo); using idiomatic expressions (such as vse ravno means it doesn't matter); using politeness markers (such as vui and ty).
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